HN Reader

The political uncertainties of western countries where "there is no truth" and "facts don't matter" could easily bring this level of systemic corruption to them as well. People love to rage bait and say how bad it is now, but that seems to have largely led to groups giving up on enforcing norms, and bodes poorly for the future.

You are going to rue the day. Enjoy your temporary comforts. You got so used to speaking of other people that are not in your demographic (especially Africans) as almost human that Africa will also not shed a tear should America be gone tomorrow And yes, we will survive your abscence, like we had since the beginning of time Tick tock (Or Tik Tok:-), more aptly)

I'll never forget a coworker telling me that in a previous job hunting round he had interviewed with a pharmaceutical group that was tracking the manufacturing process for batches of drugs and comparing the little tolerance mistakes (heated a little too high or held at temp a little too long or not quite long enough) and finding a market where they can sell that batch.

You'd like to think that companies have factories with quality control laws and there are local people trying to ensure that all of their product are up to the local standards. What you don't expect is that they are binning them like Intel CPUs, where they just make a batch and hope for the best, take cream off the top until the priority orders are done and then everyone else gets whatever is left. You might get a slightly better product sometimes but not be so lucky the next time.

Africa and China are awash with fake meds - perhaps even in India. Large amounts of fake drugs are common in Africa/China = deaths are common. Pharmacies are very aware of this and watch their sources. The big problem is very good copies of the container, box and printed insert that mimic exactly the true drugs are everywhere. A copied box/insert/vial/tablet that costs $1 can hold drugs worth $200 or more. There are gangs that buy them from China and try to insert them in the supply chain. I was with Sanofi-Pasteur(before I retired) and we had strict QC controls on every batch(every single ingredient). Every ingredient was sampled and tested locally and a sample sent to various head offices in USA/Canada/UK/etc. Batch ingredients were kept in locked areas and only allowed out in a weighed batch amount. The whole area was a clean and watched area with limited access badges on each person working there. You could only enter your zone and use your lunch/toilet area. Some ingredients are active and can have high values. Some are inert fillers. 1 milligram of fentanyl is minuscule = it ends up in a 25 or 50 milligram pressed tablet for ease of patient/pharmacy handling. Even adding the inert is complex as the active and the inert must mix with no settling or gravity segregation. Often the active is mixed with an intermediate diluent and a fluid that will not dissolve either and mixed in wiped surface mixer to make a very uniform paste which was then dried and granulated and this was added to the final diluent and a 'binder'. The binder is a material that will glue the tablet together in a high speed press. Some tablets get an enteric coating that resists acid but dissolves in the lower gut alkaline state = breaks and dissolves. Fentanyl and other strong opioids are killers in small amounts, so extreme precautions are taken to ensure correct doses.

A lot of low-quality and addictive generic drugs has created an opioid crisis in Africa too [1].

[1] https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyew21yyjzo